Results on various types of quantum fidelities

Theorem 1. For the Uhlmann-Jozsa fidelity the relation

\[ \begin{align} F(\varrho,\sigma)=\left(\max_{\{p_k,\Psi_k,\Phi_k\}}\sum_k p_k |\bra{\Psi_k} \Phi_k\rangle |\right)^2\label{eq:Fidelity} \end{align} \]

holds such that the decompositions of \(\varrho\) and \(\sigma\) are

\[ \begin{align} \varrho=\sum_k p_k \ketbra{\Psi_k},\quad\quad\quad \sigma=\sum_k p_k \ketbra{\Phi_k}.\label{eq:marginalcond_a} \end{align} \]

These states can be seen as the marginals of the bipartite separable state

\[ \begin{align} \varrho_{12}=\sum_k p_k \ketbra{\Psi_k} \otimes \ketbra{\Phi_k}.\label{eq:sep} \end{align} \]

Note that the optimization is over decompositions, and not over purifications.

Note also that, without loss of generality, \(p_k\) is the same in both definitions in Eq. \eqref{eq:marginalcond_a}.



After discussing the Uhlmann-Jozsa fidelity, let us now consider the SWAP-fidelity given in [Friedland et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 110402] as

\[ \begin{align}\label{eq:Fs} F_{S}(\varrho,\sigma)=\max_{\varrho_{12}\in \mathrm{\mathcal{D}}} {\rm Tr}(\varrho_{12} S), \end{align} \]

where \(S\) is the SWAP operator, and \(\mathrm{\mathcal{D}}\) is the set of quantum states.



Let us now consider a modified definition based on an optimization over separable states as

\[ \begin{align}\label{eq:Fssep_S} F_{S,{\rm sep}}(\varrho,\sigma)=\max_{\varrho_{12}\in \mathrm{Sep}} {\rm Tr}(\varrho_{12} S), \end{align} \]

where \(\mathrm{Sep}\) is the set of separable states. Clearly

\[ \begin{align} F_{S,{\rm sep}}(\varrho,\sigma)\le F_{S}(\varrho,\sigma). \end{align} \]


Theorem 3. For the maximum over separable states

\[ \begin{align} F_{S,{\rm sep}}(\varrho,\sigma)=\max_{\{p_k,\Phi_k,\Psi_k\}}\sum_k p_k | \bra{\Phi_k} \Psi_k\rangle |^2\label{eq:Fssep} \end{align} \]

holds, where the conditions for the marginals given in Eq. \eqref{eq:marginalcond_a} are fulfilled.



From Eqs. \eqref{eq:Fidelity} and \eqref{eq:Fssep}, it is also clear that

\[ \begin{align} F(\varrho,\sigma)\le F_{S,{\rm sep}}(\varrho,\sigma).\label{eq:FFFlele} \end{align} \]


Theorem 4. The SWAP-fidelity when the optimization is taken over separable states is bounded from above by the superfidelity

\[ \begin{split} &F_{S,{\rm sep}}(\varrho,\sigma)\le F_{\rm super}(\varrho,\sigma),\label{eq:Fsuperbound} \end{split} \]

where

\[ \begin{align} F_{\rm super}(\varrho,\sigma)={\rm Tr}(\varrho\sigma)+\sqrt{[1-{\rm Tr}(\varrho^2)][1-{\rm Tr}(\sigma^2)]}.\label{eq:Fsuper} \end{align} \]

As a consequence, for \(d=2\) (i.e., for qubits), we have

\[ \begin{align} F_{S,{\rm sep}}(\varrho,\sigma)=F(\varrho,\sigma).\label{eq:FseqF} \end{align} \]

Thus, we have an explicit formula for computing the expression given in Eq. \eqref{eq:Fssep} for qubits.



[1] G. Tóth and J. Pitrik, Quantum Wasserstein distance and its relation to several types of fidelities, arXiv:2506.14523.